Yes, I think air pollution mostly comes from mobile vehicles because it’s mobile vehicles that burn fossil fuels directly in city streets, releasing exhaust gases at breathing level. This makes transport pollution very noticeable in everyday life. Another issue is that they produce emissions constantly in traffic jams, even when they are barely moving. In large cities, this happens on a daily basis. I’d also mention that many older cars lack effective emission-control systems and release more pollutants. Not everyone can afford to replace an old vehicle. So while there are other sources, transport clearly plays a major role in urban air pollution.

No, I don’t think air pollution mostly comes from mobile vehicles because it’s other sources that emit pollution continuously, not only during rush hours. For example, power plants and industrial facilities release large volumes of emissions, and they operate day and night. In many regions, burning coal and gas for heating produces more harmful pollutants than transport, especially in colder climates. This kind of pollution affects entire areas, not just busy roads. Cars are very visible, so people often blame them first. However, transport pollution is only one part of a much bigger picture. That’s why focusing only on vehicles oversimplifies the issue, I think.